Global Journal of Science Frontier Research
A Unified Mass Theory of Elementary Fermions and Elementary Bosons
Base on photon generation, a unified mass theory of elementary fermions and elementary bosons is postulated.
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The lack of rigor and the resulting ambiguity of the Definition of the Magnetic Field were hidden behind a mathematization borrowed from hydrodynamics. But in both cases, ideological aspects remained unexplained, leading the very existence of the rotor used to a direct contradiction with Curie’s Theorem. And through Maxwell’s electrodynamics, this contradiction was extended into the Theory of Relativity. Thus, a formal, in-depth combing of the Basic Experiments underlying the Theory of Relativity, through modeling and a more rigorous mathematization of the Magnetic Field, proved insufficient. A refinement upwards, into the realm of the basis that defines the UNDERSTANDING of Relativism, was also required. And this view from above gives us not a polished History of Persons, but the Genesis of Scientific Ideas.
Quantum Superposition Effect of Gravitational Field, Negative Pressure and Dark Energy
This paper explains how dark energy is generated through a simplified model based on noncommutative quantum gravity.
This paper proposes a unified framework connecting quantum phenomena, gravity and computation through a redefinition of matter and particle behaviour based on the Principles of Matter, or Laws of Unity. The paper addresses two fundamental questions it identifies as unresolved in current physics: how a quantum is produced and why its magnitude is discrete, by advancing a model in which matter comprises potential-energy, sharing-energy and excess-energy, whose interactions generate a unified force interpreted as inertia. Within this framework, gravity (inertia-at-rest) is attributed to sharing-energy, whereas motion and heat (inertia-in-motion) are attributed to excess-energy. On this basis, the paper redefines a quantum as a free particle that emerges when sufficient excess-energy overcomes binding sharing-energy, rather than as an intrinsically discrete packet. It then examines the implications of this reinterpretation for contemporary computing, arguing that transistor computing faces material scaling constraints and that quantum computing inherits both practical limitations and conceptual weakness on the current definition of the quantum. As an alternative, the paper introduces atom computing, in which atoms replace transistors and controlled flows of single electrons or photons enable deterministic switching, through electronic and photonic implementations. Analogue optical computing is discussed as another promising paradigm for specialised computation. The paper argues that this revised account of matter and energy interactions may support computational architectures beyond the limits of current transistor- and qubit-based systems.
This paper proposes a reformulation of thermodynamics based on the Principles of Matter or Laws of Unity, redefining heat, inertia, gravity, and the structure of matter. Heat is redefined as the excess-energy (Ee) carried by free particles. Matter is described as a unity of potential-energy (Ep) and sharing-energy (Es), with inertia arising from their combined unity force (Fu = Es + Ee). This framework replaces entropy, the second law, and the third law of thermodynamics. The paper traces the origin of heat to the Big Bang, where four base particles – protons (p), electrons (e), neutrinos (ν), and photons (γ) – formed two base unities (pν and eγ), which remain as free heat-carrying particles. It then applies the Laws of Unity to reinterpret nuclear fusion, beta decay, nuclear fission, photosynthesis, combustion, and planetary heat as processes of energy sharing (Ep → Es) and excess-energy release (Es → Ee). Radiation is reframed as heat transfer through the equalisation of excess-energy during particle collisions. A quantum is redefined as a free particle, with its minimum initial Ee equalling its Es or gravity. The paper further argues that electricity and magnetism are misconceptions, proposing that electricity is “electronic heat” and that magnetic fields are electronic fields generated by repelling free electrons. This leads to a reinterpretation of electric generators as devices that transfer electronic heat rather than induce electromagnetic currents. Finally, the paper extends the Laws of Unity to astrophysical structures, proposing that stars, planets, galaxies, and black holes are hierarchical unities governed by sharing-energy and excess-energy flows. A galaxy is described as an ultimate unity centred on a black hole where potential-energy converts entirely into sharing-energy, producing infinite pull towards its centre.
The energy-environment puzzle – reconciling conflicting goals
Copyright (c) 2025 Authors and Global Journals Private Limited http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Five Decades of Hydrological, Vegetation and Biodiversity Responses to Climate Change in a Southwestern Australian Jarrah ( Eucalyptus marginata) forest (1972-2024)
Deciphering the Same Lifetimes of mRNA and the p53 Target Protein
Design and structural Analysis of Gates and Hoisting Systems for Rohin Barrage Project, Uttar Pradesh, India: A case study
This case study presents the comprehensive design and implementation process of major hydraulic components at the Rohin Barrage, including sluice service gates, under sluice service gates, 25T rope drum hoist system, head regulator gates, 15T monorail structure, and stoplog gates. The project addresses complex hydraulic and structural challenges posed by fluctuating river flows, sediment management, and frequent gate operations. The study emphasizes practical design approaches based on relevant IS codes and standards, ensuring functionality, safety, and operational reliability. Through detailed design parameters, componentlevel analysis, and compliance with national standards, this paper serves as a reference for hydraulic gate design and implementation in similar barrage structures.
Microbiome of Bone Mineral Microspheres: A Brief History on the Golgi-Directed Road to Force Translation and Geo/Biomorphological Evolution
The nature of intracellular bone salt is elusive. Its concentration and distribution are frequently fugitive to standard electron microscopy procedures, such that the inorganic phase of bone is widely reported as an extracellular precipitate of hydroxyapatite crystals epitactic on collagen and obedient to the laws of inorganic chemistry. Light microscopy, in contrast, captures the cyclical intracellular mineral loading of “switched on” osteocyte cohorts. Rapidly fabricated within their golgi apparatus are nascent microspheres, approximately 1 micron diameter, calcified with phosphate/carbonate and unloaded at the calcification front in a stress-related process also manifest in a silt-burrowing invertebrate. The calcified objects densely populating the bone matrix may be examined in situ or isolated for density fractionation analysis. They are variably tempered by Si, Mg, Al, K, Na, Fe, stain histochemically for acid phosphatase, bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin encapsulation, osteopontin and nucleic acids, are Gram stain positive for microbes and form a fluorescent complex with the antibiotic tetracycline. They occur discretely, or in chains and bridged assemblies, tending to be smaller than average in osteoporosis, and larger in osteoarthritis. The substructure of the electron dense, deformable objects is complex, each composed of 5nm thick beaded filaments clustered around a less dense centre. Their archetype occurs in calcifying prokaryotes (e.g., Spirostomum ambiguum), also in microbes (e.g., Corynebacterium matruchotii), and in sedimentary rocks mined as fertiliser. The evidence suggests that bone mineral microspheres constitute a geo/biomorphological microbiome of ancient bionts colonising a hierarchical cancellous microcosm of periosteal force translation.
The Zeroth of Generation Zh of Fermion, A Unified Mass Theory of Twelve Elementary Fermions
Abstract- This paper postulates: The existence of The Zeroth of Generation Zh of Fermion. Zh comprises four Zero-Mass particles (Ψ(0) = (α(0), β(0), γ(0), δ(0))). Particle Ψ(0) could offer the guidance to accomplish a unified mass theory of twelve elementary fermions in particle physics.
Zero-Mass particle (α(0), β(0), γ(0), δ(0))
The dirty graphene wave has swept across the entire scientific world. And it has once again confirmed that quasi-scientific speculations without taking into account the Fundamental Laws only lead to huge waste of effort and resources. But this wave was able to arise because it was not out of nowhere. Nobel laureates, who were in a hurry to get money, simply stated what was, in principle, expected, but from the prevailing erroneous Model of Graphite. And, thus, with their ignorant “proofs” they led the research of thin graphite layers down the wrong path. The analysis carried out in this article, using the example of the SIMPLE Graphite Material and its ultra-thin layers in a congruent matrix of boron nitride, shows how it is possible to create a whole class of fundamentally new, real materials. The ideal correct structure of thin layers of rhombohedral graphite, down to mono atomically thin, can be obtained not for a freely suspended (on sticky tape) film and not due to Van der Waals forces, as graphenologists claim, but in a congruent matrix -a crystal of rhombohedral boron nitride. And a radical improvement in the properties of materials can be obtained on the basis of truly unusual properties of such graphite layers with an undamaged surface, and in no way on the basis of a graphene model that does not correspond to the real material.
Unraveling Phenomenological Misconceptions and Magnetism
A phenomenologically correct formulation of the problem is more than half the solution, since the resulting solution provides a rigorous description of the observed effects in the first approximation. Meanwhile, many modern theories describe basic effects using crude multiparameter models with corrections for the Landau smallness parameter. This is most clearly demonstrated in the purely relativistic effect of magnetism, which, it was assumed, is determined by a linear dependence on the charge velocity and, as a result, the description of which contains many phenomenological errors. This led not to an UNDERSTANDING of magnetism, but only to its formal mathematization, carried out in a non-rigorous manner. This led to the mathematical Physicists, without a proper analysis of the classical description of magnetism, “concluded” its quantum nature. Thus, by formally using Euler’s equations without a proper physical analysis, magnetism was incorporated into Maxwell’s equations. The resulting errors in its description were extended into both the Theory of Relativity and Quantum Mechanics itself.
contradictions and gaps in Particular Phenomenologies
This paper proposes the Principles of Matter or Laws of Unity as a unified framework for understanding gravity, inertia, and the formation of physical structures across all scales. In this model, matter organises into hierarchical unities through two intrinsic forms of energy: sharing-energy (Es) and excess-energy (Ee). Together they cause the generalised inertia or unity force (Fu = Es + Ee), in which Es causes an active and constant pull toward a unity centre as inertia-at-rest or gravity or weight, and Ee produces inertia-in-motion or heat. This approach challenges the foundations of relativity by asserting that matter moves only relative to its unity centre. The paper applies the Principles of Matter to atomic structure, electricity, photonic behaviour, nuclear fusion, planetary motion, and galactic organisation, arguing that unity force or inertia is the single fundamental force underlying all natural forces. The model further explains galaxies as ultimate unities centred on black holes in which potential-energy fully converts to sharing-energy, producing infinite pull. A measurement method-the Breaking-point Excess-energy Method-is proposed to quantify inertia-at-rest (gravity) based on the minimum energy required to break a unity, with an optional empirical mass-distance equation for estimation. Overall, the Principles of Matter provide a cohesive reinterpretation of natural forces, energy transfer, and cosmic structure formation.
Quantum Superposition and the Emergence of Negative Energy in Gravitational Fields
In this paper we calculated the quantum superposition between states of the gravitational fields by Feynman path integration and concluded that in general the quantum effects can be interpreted as the negative energy in gravitational field it will lead to gravitational mass defect Negative energy is related to Einstein s cosmological constant and therefore also to dark energy
Matter keeps its internal potential-energy Ep and sharing-energy Es as a part of a unity until being forced out of the unity by external excess-energy Ee Es as a free particle Matter shows its sharing-energy Es as gravity F or weight W or inertia-at-rest to its unity centre Es F W Unity force or inertia Fu Es Ee is matter s tendency to be unity expressed as attracting while energy sharing in a unity Ee 0 as gravity or weight or inertia-atrest to its unity centre or repelling while excess-energy transferring out of the unity Ee 0 as inertia-in-motion or heat That is gravity is redefined as matter s attraction to its unity centre caused by its sharing-energy Inertia is redefined and generalised to matter s unity force caused by its sharing-energy as inertia-at-rest or gravity and its excess-energy as inertia-in-motion or heat The Big Bang created four kinds of base particles proton p electron e neutrino and photon The photon tends to be in an electron unity e oscillating around its electron the unity centre attracting while energy sharing When getting external excess-energy Ee Es the photon oscillates out of the unity as a free photon with wave-particle duality leaving the external energy at the speed of light as a gamma ray X-ray or light particle repelling while excess-energy transferring
Features of the Homogeneous Plasmonic Structures on Porous Silicon Formation
In this work we demonstrate the feasibility of fabricating uniform periodic plasmonic structure of Ni-PNP por-Si by masking the wafer surface using optical lithography followed by pore formation and deposition of plasmonic Ni-nanoparticles Ni-PNP in a single-step metalassisted electrochemical etching process It is shown that the high energetics of nc-PS and of the nc-PS c-Si interface facilitates the formation of uniform plasmonic Ni-PNP PS structures using a single-step pore etching and deposition of plasmonic nanoparticles
Production and Decay of Higgs Boson, From God Particle H to Heaven Particle Π
This paper suggests an interesting idea : Based on quark genera (t), (b), (c), (s), (u), (d) harmony flavor symmetry and Mass Principle Q²(ξ) – ξ², Q² , Heaven particle π with M(π) - 692 Gev should instead of God particle H with M(H) - 125 Gev. M(π) as four times as heavy as ground state Q²(t) of t top quark.
Arithmetic subgroups are an important source of discrete groups acting freely on manifolds. We need to know that there exist many torsion-free L(, ℝ) is an "arithmetic" subgroup of L(, ℝ). The other arithmetic subgroups are not as obvious, but they can be constructed by using quaternion algebras. Replacing the quaternion algebras with larger division algebras yields many arithmetic subgroups of L(, ℝ), with >2. In fact, a calculation of group cohomology shows that the only other way to construct arithmetic subgroups of L(, ℝ) is by using arithmetic groups. In this paper justifies Commensurable groups, and some definitions and examples,ℝ-forms of classical simple groups over ℂ, calculating the complexification of each classical group, Applications to manifolds. Let us start with (,ℂ). This is already a complex Lie group, but we can think of it as a real Lie group of twice the dimension. As such, it has a complexification.
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A Topological Reassessment of Differential and Integral Calculus beyond Newtonian Frame Works
The conventional subject of Newtonian calculus is purely mathematical and the concepts approximations and theorems employed within it have rarely been connected or correlated with the principles of physics and topology In this research article the entire domain of calculus has been revisited through a tripartite lens encompassing mathematics physics and topology This research article is based on the following 1 Topological interpretatio n of Calculus 2 Dimensional perspective of differential calculus how the variable changes for a mathematical function like xn when the value of n changes from 1 to 2 to 3 to 4 like this The variable does not remain to be x only 3 The physical significance of the differential co-efficient DC of a function which substantiates that the mathematical expression of DC should not retain the function itself since it is co-efficient 4 The dimensional invalidity of the tr igonometric theories at zeroor 90-degree values of angle of a right angled triangle 5 Differential co-efficient of trigonometric functions derived based on a novel concept of expansio n -contraction of a cuboid being composed of perpendicular base and hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle through very simple algebraical steps and without using limit theorem chain rule or quotient rule of the Newtonian Calculus 6 The problem of circularity of definition of the higher order differential co-efficient of the mathematical functions of Newtonian Calculus and offering a new mathematical expression of higher order differential co-efficient 7 The concept of integration has been established as a process of hybridizatio n of a mathematical variable in space through rotations or translations A genuine attempt has been made to unify these perspectives into a singular framework resulting in the development of a new field the reassessed topological version of calculus which is now presented to the global scientific community The limitations and flaws inherent in Newtonian calculus have been critically examined logically addressed and redefined within the broader scope of this newly proposed topological version of calculus
Smart EOQ Models: Incorporating AI and Machine Learning for Inventory Optimization
Traditional Economic Order Quantity EOQ models rely on static assumptions e g constant demand fixed holding cost failing in volatile environments This research advances dynamic inventory control through an AI-driven framework where 1 Demand Forecasting Machine learning LSTM GBRT estimates time-varying demand covariates like promotions seasonality residuals 2 Adaptive EOQ Optimization Reinforcement Learning RL dynamically solves the following optimization problem Subject to Where Order quantity at time Reorder point at time Holding cost per unit Backorder shortage cost per unit Fixed ordering cost Indicator function 1 if else 0 Inventory on hand positive part of Backordered inventory negative part of Demand at time Validation was performed using sector-specific case studies Pharma Perishability constraint shelf-life reduced waste by 27 3 Retail Promotion-driven demand volatility 58 mitigated cutting stockouts by 34 8 Automotive RL optimized multi-echelo n coordination reducing shortage costs by 31 5 The framework reduced total costs by 24 9 versus stochastic EOQ benchmarks Key innovation closed-loop control where RL adapts to real-time supply-chain states
reinforcement learning; stochastic inventory control
The Iterative Technique for a Fourth-Order Three-Point Nonlinear BVP with Changing Sign Green’s Function
In this paper we discuss the existence of a monotonic positive solution for the following fourth-order three points Non-linear BVP which has the sign - changing Green s function where and The point is that although the corresponding Green is changing the sign by applying iterative methods We can still obtain the existence of a monotonic positive solution under certain suitable conditions of f
Production of Meaning in Practices Involving Three-Dimensional Figurate Numbers
This study is part of a qualitative research project aimed at analyzing the production of arithmetic geometric and algebraic meanings through Investigative Educational Practices based on sequences of figurate numbers within a teacher education process involving preservice mathematics teachers The research is epistemologically grounded in the Semantic Fields Model SFM and the principles of Investigative Educational Practices IEP which emphasize collaborative work Based on this foundation particularly on enunciation residues the meanings generated by participants are analyzed using the plausible reading method which considers both local and global interpretations Centered on the theme of three-dimensional figurate numbers the study explores relationships involving generalizations and recursion fostering integration among Arithmetic Algebra and Geometry especially in learning environments that value investigation and collaboration
Symbolic Collapse Intractability Hypothesis: P ≠ NP
The following proof focuses on the Symbolic Collapse Intractability Hypothesis and leverages symbolic entropy recursive tractability and structural complexity to argue that NPcomplete problems with high entropy are intractable in polynomial time implying P NP
Symbolic Collapse Intractability Hypothesis and leverages symbolic entropy
Appraisal of Covid-19 on Forest Resources and Extension Approaches Towards Sustainable Rural Livelihood
The people slivelihood is largely dependent upon forests and related resources which comprises the tangible and intangible ones Tangible resourcesare in the form of Timber Non-Timber Forest Products NTFPs such as mushroom fruits etc while intangible services include a wide range of vital environmental services by the floras and faunas which includes erosion control carbon sequestration among others Assessing these tangible resources was always through active physical involvements by the actors in the management of the forests Unexpectedly the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic which was earlier endemic to China have created a barrier to man in the management and utilization of these forest resources Imposed lockdowns curfews social distances meant less team work access and utilization of forest resources globally The unavoidable reliance on forest resources especially by rural dwellers in developing nations like Nigeria was observed to spike up Thus further depleting the encroached forest resources while in the west forest restorations were reported Comparative results revealed issues of poverty food insecurity and lack of information as the factors in Nigeria Extension models for sustainability of forest resources was advanced
General Theory of Black Holes (Preliminary Draft)
We discuss corrections to the mainstream theory of black holes and stars
Monologue of Discernment About Dark Matter
The aim of this work on DM is to confine it whether it belongs to the dark periodic table or is part of a single very small dark element as mentioned in 10 making it possible to improve the works presented by the undersigned in the bibliography for example teleportation 7 could be improved with elements inserted in a certain way from the dark periodic table in the W spiral of the classical periodic table or in the antigravity Poynting vector in fig 3 5
artificial intelligence vs multiple sclerosis
Asynchronous Electric Drive With Reactive Power Control
A method of controlling an asynchronous electric drive based on measuring and regulating the reactive power of an induction motor is proposed The independence of the rotor flux and the electro mechanical moment from the change in the parameters of the induction motor is ensured a continuous range of speed regulation including zero and fast-acting regulation is ensured
changing the parameters of an induction motor
Vysikaylo’s Laser for De Broglie Waves of Electrons to Protect the Earth from Asteroids: Interdisciplinary Research of Incongruent Electric Field Shock Waves
We have proposed a mechanism that explains all phenomena observed in nature during lightning propagation and all phenomena during the fall of the Chelyabinsk meteorite in the Russian Federation These positively charged cumulative-dissipative plasma systems CDS as we have established are surrounded by incongruent shock waves of the Vysikaylo electric field VSW We demonstrate that de Broglie waves of free electrons arising in the plasma tail behind the meteoroid behave similarly to electromagnetic waves in a laser There a cumulative jet of high-energy electrons CJ is formed which breaks into the meteoroid causing it to collapse according to the Coulomb mechanism The formation of VSW in the atmosphere is due to the peculiarities of the chemical kinetics of negative ions at the boundary of the plasma tail The time of Vysikaylo-Poisson s structural turbulence providing the formation of CJ in the plasma tail was 1 5 s