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\date{\small \em Received: 1 January 1970 Accepted: 1 January 1970 Published: 1 January 1970}

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?? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????????, ??? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ????? ????????????????? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ? ???? ????????????, ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????. ??????? ???????????????? ????? ???? ???????????? ? ??????????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ???????????? ????????, ????????? ??? ????????? ??????????????. ????????, ??? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????????????? ??? ????????? ? ???????????? ??????????????????, ??????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????.?????? ?????, ??? ?????? ???????? ?????- ?????????????????????? ? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ????????????? ?????? ? ????????????? ?????????, ? ??????? ????????????? ? ??????? ???????????????? ???????????? ? ? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????????????.

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\keywords{??????? ? ????????, ?????????? ? ??????, ?????????? ? ?????????????.}

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\section[{Instruction of Paralogistics Thermodynamics By V. Etkin}]{Instruction of Paralogistics Thermodynamics By V. Etkin}\par
Togliatti State University (RF) ?????????-?? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????????, ??? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ????? ????????????????? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ? ???? ????????????, ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????.\par
??????? ???????????????? ????? ???? ???????????? ? ??????????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ???????????? ????????, ????????? ??? ????????? ??????????????. ????????, ??? ??? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???????????????????? ??? ????????? ? ???????????? ??????????????????, ??????? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??????.?????? ?????, ??? ?????? ???????? ?????-?????????????????????? ? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????????????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ????????????? ?????? ? ????????????? ?????????, ? ??????? ????????????? ? ??????? ???????????????? ???????????? ? ? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????????????.\par
???????? ?????: ??????? ? ????????, ?????????? ? ??????, ?????????? ? ?????????????, ????????????? ? ??????????????? ????????, ????????? ? ???????????. ???????? ?????: ??????? ? ????????, ?????????? ? ??????, ?????????? ? ?????????????, ????????????? ? ??????????????? ????????, ????????? ? ???????????. 
\section[{GJSFR-A Classification}]{GJSFR-A Classification} 
\section[{I.}]{I.}\par
???????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ? ??? ????, ??? ? ?????????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ? ??????? ?? ??????????? ? ??????????? ????????? \hyperref[b0]{[1]}. ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ? ? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????  {\ref [2]}, ?????????? ? ?????? ?????????????? ????? ????? ??????, «??? ?????? ??????? ? ????? ?? ????? ????????????» \hyperref[b4]{[3]}. ? ???????? ??????? ? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ? ?????? ??????, ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ? ????????? ????? ?????? \hyperref[b6]{[4]}. ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ????????????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?. ?????????  {\ref [2]} ? ?? ????????? «???????? ???????????? ????????????? c ????????? \hyperref[b7]{[5]}. ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ? ???????? ? ????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????. ?????? ? ????????????????? ????????? ?. ????????? ????????? ??????????????, ??????????????, ??????????????, ???????????????, ???????????????? ? ?. ?. ????????, ??? ??? ????? ????????? ????????????? ????? ??????????? ? ????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????.\par
?? ???? ???? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? \hyperref[b9]{[6]}. ????????, ??????? ? ?????????? Ð?"????? ? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????????, ??????? ?????????, ?????????? ? ?????????????? ??????, ????????????? ??????? ? ??????? ? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ? ?????????? ????????, ? ?. ?. \hyperref[b10]{[7]}. ???????? ????? «??????????? ?????» ????????????? ? «?????? ?????????» ?? «????? ? ??????» ????????????? \hyperref[b11]{[8]}.\par
???? ???? ??????????????, ????????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ????????? ????????. 
\section[{II. ????????????? ??????????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????????????}]{II. ????????????? ??????????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????????????}\par
??????? ???????? ? ????????????? ?. ????????? \hyperref[b0]{[1]} ?????????? ??????? ? ??? ?????????????? ? ??????? Q? ?????? W ??? ? ???? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ? ?????????? ??????. ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? (1-?? ?????? ?????????????) ? ????:dU = ?Q -?W= TdS-pdV,\textbf{(1)}\par
??? U?????????? ??????? ???????;?Q,?W???????????? ?????????? ?????, ???????????? ????????, ? ??????, ??????????? ??; T, S?????????? ??????????? ? ????????;p, V?????????? ???????? ? ????? ???????. ????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????????? ? ??????? ??? ? ????????? ? ????????????? ??????, ????????? ??????????. ??? ???? ?????????????????????? ? ????? ???? ? ?????? ????????, ??? ????, ?????????????, ????????? ? ?. ?., ?. ?. ??? ??????? ?????????, ? ?? ????????. ????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??????????? ? ???????????? ????????????? ? ??????? ???????????? ??????? \hyperref[b12]{[9]} ? ? ?????? ???????????, ??????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? \hyperref[b14]{[10]}. ????? ????, ????? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ?????????? ? ??? ????????????? ??????????? ????????? (???), ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????  {\ref [11-1 4 ]} . Ð?"? ? ??? ?. ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????? «?????? ??????? ????» ??? ????? ???????, ??????????? ????? ? ???????????? ?????? ???? ? ?????????? ?????????? «?????? ???????????» ?????????????? ????????? \hyperref[b0]{[1]}. ??????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ? ????????? ? ???????? ???????? ??????, ??? ?????? ? ???????????? ? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????????: ??????????, ????????????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ?? ???????, ? ????????k-?? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????, ????????????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ?? ?????. ??? ???? ?? ???????, ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ????????, «???????????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????» \hyperref[b20]{[15]}. ??? ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ? ?????? ? ??????? (??????????????) ????????, ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?W ? = ?dV ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? W ? (????????????, ????????????? ? ?. ?. ???). ???????????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? dW ? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????????? ???? F ?? ????????? ?? ??????????? dr??????? ?? ??????????, ? ???? ??????d W ? = d? = F i ?dr i ???????????? ????? ?????????????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ? ?? ????? (i-?) ?? ????? ? i ? ?????? (j-?)? j . ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ????????, ? ?? ???????????? ?????????? dW ? ???????? ?????? ??????????????.? ??? ?????????? ? ?????? ???? ? ?????? -Vdp \hyperref[b21]{[16]}. ??????? ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????????????? ?????????? pdV?????? ????? ??????????????? ???????? ??????????? (????????? ???????? ????? ????????? r i ), ? ????? ???????????? ?? ???? (?????????) ???????? (????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ?? ????????????? ?????????? ????? ?W).\par
?????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????????, ?? ? ??? ????? ? ??????? ????????, ??????, ???????? ? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????????. ? ?? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ? ??????????, ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ??????, ???????????? ???????.\par
????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????????? ????????? ?????, ????????????? ???????? ?? ?????????????? «????????????» W ? ?«??????????????» W ? . ??????????? ????, ??? «?????? ?????? ?????», ?? ??? ??? ?????? ????????, ??? ???????? «????? ???????????» ???????? ?? ????? ???????? Q ? ??????? W, ? ????? ??????????????W i ? ? ???????????????? W i ? ?????? ????? ??? ??????????????? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ????????? «?????????????????» ? «??????????????» \hyperref[b22]{[17]}. ??????? ????????, ??? ??? ??????? ??????, ? ????? ?? ?? ? ? ????? ? ??, ? ?????? ????????,????????????? ????????????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? \hyperref[b23]{[18]}. ??????? ??? ???? ??????????????, ??????????? ???????????? ? ?????? ????? ????? ???????????? ???? ??????? (?? ??????????????), ?????? ????????. ??? ??????????? ? ???, ??? ? ????????, ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????, ??? ???????? ????????? ?????????? (??????? ??? ? ??????, ??? ? ? ???????? ??????????? ??? ?????-???? ?????????? ????????? ? ?????????? ?????). ??????? ???? ? ???? ? ? ???????? ????? ?. ????? \hyperref[b24]{[19]}, ???????????? ?? ???????????? ?? ?????? ??????. ???? ??????? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ? ???????? ?????????, ?. ?. ??????????? ???????????? ? ????????????, ??? ?????? ??????????????? ????????????? ? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????.\par
??-????????, ???? ?????? ????????????????????? ? ????????????? ? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ? ??????? ? ????????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????????????? ???? ???????? ???????????. ????????, ????? ?????????????? ? ???????? ??????? ?????????? «???????????????» ???? ? ??????????? ????????? ???????????, ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ? ????????? ??? ???????????? 2-?? ?????? ????????????? \hyperref[b0]{[1]}. ? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ??? «??????? ? ????????? ????????», ?. ?. ??? ??????? ????????, ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????????, ?. ?. ?????????, ? ?????????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ? ??? ?????????? (? ?????????????? ????????). ??? ?????????? ?. ???????? ????? ????? ???????????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ????????? (?????????) ???????? ??????, ?????? ?? ?????? ?? «?????????», ??????????? ??? ????? ??????????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????????????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????. ????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????? \hyperref[b15]{[11]}:dS = d ? S + d u S,\textbf{(2)}??? ????????????????? ??????? ???????, = ? ? Q ? /? ? d u S = ?Q ? /? -????? ????????? ????????, ????????????? ?????????????? ??????? ???????????? Q ? ? ??????????? ??????????? ????? Q ? .\par
???????? ????? ?????????, ????? ??????????? ????????, ???????? ????????? ?????? ? ???? ?? ????????????????? S. ??? ???????? ???????????? ? «????? ?????????» ?? «????? ? ?????? ?????????????», ???? ?????????? ??????????????? ??? ???????? ???????????. ?? ????????? ?????? ???????? ? ????? ????, ??? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ????? ? ? ?????? ??????????, ? ?????????, ? ????? ????? k-x ??????? N k , ??????????? ??? ?????????? ? ???? ?????????? ???????. ? ??????????? ????????????? ?? ??????? (??????????????) ? ????????????? (? ??? ????? ????????, ????????????? ? ????????? ???????????) ???????, ? ????? ?? ?????????? ? ????????????? ??????, ????????? ? ????????? ??????????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? \hyperref[b25]{[20]}. ???????? ????? «??????? ???????? ? «??????????? ?????» ????????????? \hyperref[b26]{[21]}. ?????? ????????? ????, ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????, ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? Global Journal of Science Frontier Research ( A ) XXIV Issue I Version I Year 2024 ??????-???????? \hyperref[b27]{[22]}. ????, ??-????????, ? ??????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ?? ?????????????? ??????.\par
Ð?"?? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ???????????? ????????, ???????? ?? ????????? ? ?????????? ??????? U q ???? ??????????????, ??????????????????????? ? ????????«?????????? ????????» ?v ?«????? ????» ?v 2 , ????????? ??? ? ?VII ???????? ?. Ð?"??????? \hyperref[b28]{[23]}? Ð?". ????????? \hyperref[b29]{[24]} (? ??? +? ??? + U) ?? = const.\textbf{(3)}\par
??, ??? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????, ? ?? ??????, ?????????? ???????? ?????????, ???? ??????, ??? ??? ????????????? ????????????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????. ????? ???????, ?????? ?????????? ??????? U ???????? ?????????, ????????????? ? ????????????? ????????, ? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ????????????? ???????????? U ??? ?U ??? ????????????? ????????????????? ???????? ???????? U q . ??? ????????????? ?????? ?????????? ????:(U q + U ??? + U ??? ) ?? = const. (\textbf{4})\par
????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????, ????? «??????????? ?????? ?? ?????, ??? ????? ???? ? ??» [  {\ref 2 5 ]} . ???? ? ???? ?? ??? ?????????? ???????????? ?(?) ???????????? ????????????? ???????????? ????????, ?? ?????????? ???????? ??????? U q ????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ?? «????????? ????????» Ð?"?????????? TS ? ???? ???????????? U q = T? q , ??????? ??? ? q ???????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ???????? \hyperref[b31]{[26]}:? q =U q /T,(Ð?"? ? -1 )\textbf{(5)}\par
?????? ?? ??? ?? ? ?????? « ? ?? ? ??????????» (?. ?. ?????????, ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????).???? ???????????? ???????? ? ???? ??????????????, ???????????? ? ????????????? ???????????? ???????? v, ??? ?????? ??? ?????????, ??????? ????????????, ?? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ????????????? ????????????? U q ? ???? ???????????? ? q ? (Ð?"?) ?????????????? ???, ??? ? ???? ?????? ?? ???????????? dU q =?d? q + ? q d? (6)\par
????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ?d? q , ??? ? ??? ??????????????????????? ?????????? ????? ? q d? ?????????? ??????????. ????? ????????????? dU q , ?????????????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ????, ????????? ???????????? ? ????? ?????? ????????????????? ??????????, ???? ?? ??????? ? ????????? d ? S ? d i S ? ?????????  {\ref (2)}.??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? U q ?? ????????? ??????? TS, ??????? ????? ????? ???????????????? ??? ???????, ????????? ? ???????? ?????????, ??????? ? ?????? ? q d?, ??????? ?????????? ? ???? ? ?????????????? ?????????, ????????, ??????????? ????????, ??? ?Q =?d? q = TdS. ? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????? Ð?"?????????? U-TS? ??????? Ð?"????? U+?V -TS????????? ???? ?????. ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ??? ? ? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????????, ??? ? ????? ???????? ????.  
\section[{III.}]{III.} 
\section[{??????????}]{??????????}TdS>dU + pdV. (\textbf{6})\par
???????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????? ??, ??? ? ?????????? ?????????? ? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????, ? ?????????? ???????TdS>?Q. ??????????? ??????????? ?????????, ?????? ??????, ? ? ?????? ?????????? ? i , ? ??? ????? ? ??? ?? ?????? V, ??????? ????? ????????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ? ??????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ?W p ? = pdV. ??? ?????????????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ?????????????????? ?????? ???????????? ? ?????? ???????????, ????????? ???????? (?????????????) ????????.\par
????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????????????, ?????????? ??????????????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ????????????? (????????????) ?????? ? ???????????? ? ??? ?????????????? ??????????. ???? ????? ??????? ?? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? U i ??????i???????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? V? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????? ??? ?????? Z i . ??? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ????????????? ????????? ? i = d? i /dV ?? ??????????????? ? i (????? ?, ????? ????? k-x ???????, ?????????????? q , ?????? ?, ???????? J =?v, ??? ??????? L? ?. ?.) ?? ?????? ??????? V. ??? ???? ?????????????? ?? ????????????? ??????????????????? ??????-??????? ?? ?????? R i ?? ???????????? ? ??????????? (??????????) ????????? R i? , ????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????? \hyperref[b33]{[28]}:R i = ? i -1 ?? i (r, t)rdV; R i? = ? i -1 ?? i? (t) rdV,\textbf{(7)}\par
???r??????? (????????) ???????????????? ??????????; t ?????.\par
?????? ??????? ????????????? ? ???????????? ???????? ?????????? «??????? ?????????????», ???????? ????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ???????:Z i =? i (R i -R i? ) =?[? i (r, t) -? i? (t)] rdV (8) ? ?????? ? R i = R i -R i? , ???????? ???? «???????? ????????». ????????? ? ?????????? R i? =0, dZ i = ? i dR i , ???????????? ??????? ??????? ? ????? U ??? ????? ?????????????????? U i =U i (Z i ) ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ? i ? R i :U = ? i U i (Z i ).\par
? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ????? ??????????? ? ???? ????????? \hyperref[b32]{[27]}:dU?? i ? i d? i + ? i F i ?dR i , (\textbf{9})??? ? i ? (?U i /?? i ) R -??????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ? i (?????????? ????????????? ???????? ?, ??????????? ??????????k-?? ?????????? ? k , ??? ?????????????? ? ? ??????????????? ?????????? ? g ? ?.?.); F i ? (?U i /?R i ) ? = ?U i -???? ? ?? ?????????????? ?????????.\par
????? 1-? ????? ????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??????? U i ?????????? ?? ????, ??? ??? ???????: ????????? ?????????????? ? i ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ??????????. ????? ?? 2-? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??????, ??????????? ??? ??????????? ? i-? ??????? U i ?????? ?? ????, ?. ?. ?? ?????????? ?????????. ? ?????????? ???????? (dR i =0) ??? ????????? ????????? ? ???????????? ????????? 1-?? ? 2-?? ????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ?????? dU ? ? i ? i d? i \hyperref[b12]{[9]}.\par
Ð?"?????? ??????????? ????????? (9) ??????? ? ???, ??? ??? ????????? ???????????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? U i ? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???? F i ??? ?? ?????????. Ð?"????????????, ????????? \hyperref[formula_7]{6}) ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? U i =? i ? i ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ?? ?????????????? ? ???????????? ????, ? ????????????????? ???? ? i ? ?????? J i ??????????? ??????????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????????? ? ??? ????????.F i ?dR i ????? ????????????? ? ???? ? i d? i ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ? ?????? Vdp, ??? ? ????????? ? i ?J i dt, ???? ?????? ??????? ????????????????? ???? ? i = F i /? i ? ?????? J i =dZ i /dt= ? i v i , ???????? ????????? ???. ? ????? ?????? ????????? (5) ? (\par
?????????????? ????????????????? ?????????? ? i ??????????? ????????????? ?????????????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? d? i /dt, ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ? ??? dU/dt=0 ????????? ??????? ???:  \hyperref[b25]{[20]}.? i ? i d? i /dt+ ? i ? i ?J i =0. (\textbf{10}\par
????????? ????????, ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????? ???????????? ? q ??? ????? ????? ????????, ???????????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????????, ?? ? ? ????????? ???????? ? ??????. ? ???? ?????? ??????????? ? q ??????????? ?? ??????????, ??? ??? ??????????? ? k = dU k /dN k ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? k-?? ??????????, ????????? ? ???????. ??? ????????????? ?????? ??????????? Ð?"????? \hyperref[b15]{(11)} ? ?????????? ?????, ?????????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? \hyperref[b19]{[14]}:dU = ? i ? i d? i . (\textbf{12})\par
??? ???? ????????? ??????? Ð?"?????????? F ? Ð?"????? G ????????? ???? ????? ? ????????, ????????? ? ???? ?????? dU = Td? q = TdS. 
\section[{c) ?????????? ????????? ? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????????}]{c) ?????????? ????????? ? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????????}\par
????? ??????? ? ????????? ? ?????? ?? ????????, ?? ?????? ????? ? ???? ????????? ???????? (??) ? ?????? ??????????????? (??? ? ???). ????? ??? ??? ? ?? ? ???? ? ??? ??? ?? ? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????????????? ??????????????????? ??????????? ????????? (???). ??? ??????, ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????? [12-14], ???????????? ?? ?????????? ??????????????? ???????????? ???????? ?. ???????? \hyperref[b37]{[33]}, ??????? ?1931 ?. ????????? «??????????????????????» ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??????-?????????? ?????????. ??? ?????? ??????? ???????????????????????? ????????????? ????????????????? ?????????? \hyperref[b15]{[11]} {\ref [12]}\hyperref[b18]{[13]}\hyperref[b19]{[14]} dS/dt = ? i (?S/?? i ) d? i /dt = ? i X i J i . (\textbf{13})\par
?????? ????????? ? i ??????????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ??????????.??????? ??? ?????? ??????????, ?? ????????, ?????? ??????????? ?? ??? ???, ???? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?. ???????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ??? «????????????» ??????????? ????????? \hyperref[b12]{[9]}. Ð?"?? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????, ???????? ??????? ? ????????? ?????? ?????????? dV ?????????? ?????????? (???????? ?? ?????????? ? ??? ????????????? ?????????), ??? ??? ?? ????????? ??????????????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????????? ? i , ??? ? ? ?????????? (???????? ?? ????????? ?????????????? ????????????????? ??? X i ), ? ? ??? ????????? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ???????????? (???????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?? ? ???????????).\par
??? ???? ????? ?????????? ???????????????? ??? ???????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???? X i ? ?????? J i , ??????????????? ?????????? ?????, ????????, ?????? ? ???????, ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????. ??? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ? ?????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ? ????? ????????? ?? dS/dt??? ?? ????? d u S/dt, ??????? ????????????? «????????????» ???????? ?????????? ??????????. ?????? ? ? ???? ?????? ????????? «???????????? ????????» ?? ??????????? X i ? J i ????? ?????????? ????????. ??? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ? ?? ?????????? ?????? ? ???????????.????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????, ????? ???? ???? ?? ? ????????? ???????, ? ? ????????? ?? ??????????????, ????????? ???????? ????????????? ? ?????????? ????? ???????????? \hyperref[b40]{[36]}. ???? ?????????? ???????????, ???? ???? X i ? ?????? J i ???????? ??????????????? ?? ??????????? \hyperref[b14]{(10)}. ??? ???? ???????? ????????????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????, ??? ?????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ? ????????? ???????? \hyperref[b19]{[14]}. ???? ????????? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? S = S (U, V, N k ) = max, ???????? ??????? ?S ?? ??????? U, ?????? V ? ?????? ????? N k ???????? ? ???????? ?????????? \hyperref[b18]{[13]}: T? = T? ; ??/T? = ??/T? ; ? k ?/T? = ? k ?/T?.\par
()\textbf{15}\par
???????? ????????, ??? ??? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???????????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? T ? = T?. ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????????, ??? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ????????????, ?? ???????????? ??????????. ?????????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????????, ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? k-?? ?????????? ? ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????????, ???????????? \hyperref[b18]{[13]}. ????? ????????????? ??? ????????????? ???????? \hyperref[b18]{(13)}    {\ref ????????, 1977)}.\par
?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ? ???? ??????? ? ??????????, ??? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ? ?????????. ???? ?? ????? ????????????????? ?????????? ?. ????????, ??????????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ????? J i (?????, ????????, ??????, ???????? ? ?. ?.) ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????????? ? ??????? ????????????????? ??? X j \hyperref[b37]{[33]}:J i = ? j L ij X j ,(i, j = 1,2,?n)\textbf{(16)}\par
??? L ij???????????? ??????????????????, ????????? ????????? «???????????????-????», ??? ? ???? ??? ?????????. 
\section[{Global Journal of Science Frontier Research ( A ) XXIV Issue I Version I Year 2024}]{Global Journal of Science Frontier Research ( A ) XXIV Issue I Version I Year 2024} 
\section[{© 2024 Global Journals}]{© 2024 Global Journals}\par
Ð?"?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ???????? ????????????????? ???????? (?????????????) ?????????. ????????????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? \hyperref[b21]{(16)} ??? ????????? ???? «????????????», ?. ?. ???????? ??????? ? ?????????? ?????????????? ????????. ?????? ??? ????????? ??????????? ? ???????? ???????????????? (?????), ???????? (????), ?????????????????? (???), ?????????? (Ð?"????), ??????? ?????? (???????) ? ?. ?., ? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???????????? (??????????????) ???????? ???? F i , ???????????? ????????????????????, ??????????? ? ?????????????? ??????????, ????????, ???????? ? ?. ?.J i = -L i F i, (\textbf{17})\par
???????????? L i ? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ? ????????? ??????? ? ?? ???? ?????????? ???????????, ??? ??? ?????? (14) ???? ???????????. ?????? ????????? ????????? ( \hyperref[formula_21]{16}) ? «??????????????????» (?????????? ?? ?????) ?? ???????????????, ?????? ??????, ????????????????. ??? ????????? ? ?????????????? ????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? \hyperref[b20]{(15)}, ???, ??? ??????? ?. ??????? [12-14], ??????????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???. ????? ????, ?????????? ?????????? ??????????, ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ??????.\par
??????? ?????????? ?????????????? ????? ??????, ???? ???????? ?? ?? ???? «?????????» (????????????) ?????????? ????????, ????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??? X j , ? ?? ????????, ???????????? ????????????? ?????????????? F i ???? ???. ? ????????????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??? ? i F i (i = 1, 2?n) ?????? ????? ????. ??? ????????, ??? ? ???????? ? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ??????????? ??? ??? F i ????? ???????? ?????? n-1 ??? ??????? F j ?????, j-?? ????: \hyperref[b21]{(16)} ????? ??????????? ? ????????? ?????, ???????? (15):F i = -? n -1 F j . ????????? X i = F i /? i , ??????J i = L i ? n -1 (? j /? i ) X j = ? j L ij X j . (\textbf{18})\par
???????????? L ij =L i ? j /? i ? ???? ????????? ?????????? ? ???? ???????????? ? ????????????????? ???????, ??? ? ?????????, ?????? ?? ??????? L ij ? (  {\ref 14}) ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???, ?? ??????  {\ref [12]}. ????? ???????, ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????????, ?? ???????? ? ?? ??????????????, ? ? ?? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ? ?????????? ??????? (16) ? ?? «????????????» ????? \hyperref[b23]{(18)}  \hyperref[b39]{[35]}. 
\section[{f) ?????????? «?????????????» ???????? ?????}]{f) ?????????? «?????????????» ???????? ?????}\par
??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????????????, ??? ???????????? ??Ð?" ????? ?????????? ?????? (????????????, ??????????????, ????????????? ? ?. ?) ????? ? ? ???????, ?? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?????-??????????, ??????? ? ??????? ?????????? ? ????? ????? Q 1 , ?? ????????? ????????????? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ? ?? ???????? ????? ????????? 40\%.\par
????? «?????????????» ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????????, ??? ???????, ??????????? ? ?????? ? ????????????? ?????, ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ? ????? ?????? ?? ??? \hyperref[b12]{[9]}. ?????? -??????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ??????????? ? ?????????????? \hyperref[b40]{[36]}. ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ? ???????????? ? ??????????????2-?? ?????? ????????????? (???????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? 2-?? ????) ? ?????????? ???????, ? ?????? ?????????????? ??????? ? ????? ???????? ????????????? ??????? (???) ? «???????????????» ??? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ??? ???? ? ??????? ? ???????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???, ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ??????. ????? ??? ??? ????? ? ?????????? ????? ? ???? ?? ??????? ??Ð?" ? ???? ????????????? ????????? ????? ???????????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ?????????????.\par
??????? ??Ð?" ???? ??????? ? ????? ? ??????? ? ????? XIX ????, ????? ??? ???????????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ? ?????????????, ?? ? ???????? ??????. ?????? ????Ð?" ??????????? ????????? ???????. ? ???????????? ? ???????? ?? ???????, ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??? ?????? W, ?? ? ???????? N =dW/dt, ??Ð?" ???????????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???????? N" ? ???????? ?? ?? ???N ' ??? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? W ? ? ???????????? ????????? W t .? ????????????? ?????? ???? ??Ð?" ?????????? ??????????????. ????? ???????????? «???????????» ??Ð?" ???????? ??????? t , ??????????? ? ??????? ??????????. ? ??????????? ???????? ???????, ??? ?????? ? ?????????? ????? Q 1 ????????? ?????????????? Q 2 , ?? ???????????? ?????????????????? ?????? W ? ? ??????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???????Q 1 ? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ? ?????? ????? 1 T ? 2 ? [37]:? t ? W/Q 1 = 1 -2 ? / 1 T <1,\textbf{(19)}\par
??? ??Ð?" ????????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ???????, ?????????? ? ???????? ??????. ?????? ???? ?????????? ??Ð?" ????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ????? ???????, ?????????? ? ??????????????? ??????? ????????????, ??????????? 1-? ?????? ????????? \hyperref[b12]{(9)} T =?S 1 - 1 ?? 1 dS 1 ? 2 ? =?S 2 -1 ?? 2 dS 2 .\par
??? ???? ????????? ??????????? ??? ????? (??????????? ? ?????????????) ?????? ?????? ??? \hyperref[b42]{[38]}:? max =W ? /? 1 = 1 -? 2 /? 1 . (\textbf{20})\par
??????, ????????, ?????????????? ?????? (?????????), ?????????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ? 1 ?? ?  ????? ?? ???????????????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ? ?????? ?????????????? ????? ???????? \hyperref[b44]{[40]}. ????? ????, ????? ????????, ???, ????????? ? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????, ???????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????. Ð?"?? ????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????, ?????????? ??????? ??????? U????????????????????? S ???????? V, ?. ?.U = U (S, V). ?????, ???????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? S = S (U, V), ?? ? ?????????????? ?????? ? ??????, ??? ? ????????????? ????????, ??? ? ???? ??????? ?????????? U ? V, = const, ????????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? \hyperref[b45]{[41]}:t =1 -Q 2 /Q 1 ??????, ??? ? ????????? ????? ????? ? t ? = 1 -? 2 /? 1 ??? ??? ?? ???????????? ?????????????? ? 1 ? ?????????????? ? 2 ? ??????????? ???????????? Q 1 ? ??????????? Q 2 ?????.? ????? ?????? dS 2 = ?Q 2 /? 2 > dS 1 = ?Q 1 /? 1 ,S ?? = S (U, V) ?? = const. (\textbf{21})\par
???????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????????????? ? q ??? ???????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????? U q = ?? q . ???????? ????? ?????????, ???????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ????????? ? ??????????? ???????? ??????? U q ?? ?????????? ????????????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ? r , ?? ? ??? ?? ??????????? ? ???????????? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ? w . Ð?"????????????, ?? ???? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ? ?????????? ???????? ??????????????? ??????????, ????? ?? ?????????? ? ????????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????, ???? ??????? ????????????, ?. ?. ???????? (???????????????) ???????? ???????????.  
\section[{?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????????? ? ????????? ??? Global Journal of Science Frontier Research ( A ) XXIV Issue I Version}]{?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????????? ? ????????? ??? Global Journal of Science Frontier Research ( A ) XXIV Issue I Version}?S ?? = R ? ln2,\textbf{(22)}\par
???????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????R ? . ??????????, ??? ??? Ð?"????, ??????????? ?? ?????????????? ????????????? ????????, ?? ?????????? ? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???????????????, ??????, ??? ?? «??????? ???????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????» ? ??????? ???? ?? ????, ??????? ?? ?? ?? ????????????? ??? ???????????. ?????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ????????????? ????????????? ?? ??? ??????? ? ??????? ?????????, ??? ? ?????????? ????????? ?????????????? «???????? Ð?"?????».\par
? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ??? ???????, ??? ? ?????????. ?????? ??? ?????????????? ????????, ??? ??? ??????, ???????, ????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ? ??????????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????. ?????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ? ????? ???????? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? ? ???????? ? ?? ????? ? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????. ? ????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ? ??????, ??? ?? «?? ???????? ? ????????? ???????????? ?????????????» \hyperref[b49]{[45]}.\par
????? ??????? ????, ???? ?????? ????????, ??????? ???????????????? ????????????, ???????????? ???????????? ? q , ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????. ????? ?????????? ?????????, ??? ??? ?????????? ??????????????????? ????? ? ?????????? ???????????? ? ????????? ???????????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ? ???? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ? ?????. ??? ??? ????? ????????, ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ? ?????????? ??????????, ?????????? ??? ??????? ? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????. 
\section[{i) ?????????? ???????????? ????????????? ? ??????? ????????}]{i) ?????????? ???????????? ????????????? ? ??????? ????????}\par
????????«???????? ???????????? ????????????? ? ??????? ????????????? ????????» \hyperref[b32]{[27]}, ????????????? ???, ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????????. ????????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ??? ????????????, ????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????? ???? ???????? «???????? ??????».\par
????? ??? ???????? ????????, ??? ?????-???? ???????? ???????? d? i /dt?0 ????? ?????????? ?????? ? ????????????? ???????? (??? ? i ? ? i ), ? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? dV????? ??????????????? ????. ? ???? ????? ?????????, ?????????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ? i (?? ?????M, ????? ?????k-???????? N k , ????????S, ????????????? ??????, ??????? P, ??? ?????? L ? ?. ?.) ?????????? ?? ??? ?????????? i = d? i /dV ????????? \hyperref[b14]{(10)}, ???? ?????????? F i ?v i ? ???? ???????????? ??? ? ??????? X i ?J i , ??? ??? ??????? ? ????????????? ????????????? \hyperref[b15]{[11]} {\ref [12]}\hyperref[b18]{[13]}\hyperref[b19]{[14]}. ????????? ?? ? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ? i ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ? ??? ?????????? ??????????, ?? ??????????????? ???? ????? ? ???????? ? i ?J i ???????????? ????????? ??????????? ???????. ??? ????????, ??? ?????? ? ?????????? ??????????, ? ??????? ? i ?J i > 0 , ? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ? ???????? «???????????????» ????????? j-? ???????? ???????, ? ??????? ???????????? ? j ?J j < 0 . ??????, ? ?????????, ???????? «?????????? ????????» (???????? ???????? ? ??????? ??????????? ??? ????????????), ??????? «??????????» ?????????? ??????? (?????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ?? ????????), «????????? ??????????» (?????????? ? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ???? ? ??? Ð?"?????) ? ?.?. ????? ??????? ? ????????????? ???????? ? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????????????? ???????? ???????? ? ????????? (??????????), ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ? ? ?????????, ? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??????????????? ?? ????. ??? ? ????????? ?????????? ???? ???????????? ????????????? ? ?????????.? ??????? ? i = ? i /V ????????? ?????????? ? i = ?? i dV= ? ? i dV.????? ? [(d (? i -? i )/dt]dV?0\par
????? ????, ????????? (10) ???????? ????????????????? ????, ?????????? ??????????? ?????????? ? i = ?? i , ????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?? ????? i-? ??????? ?? ??????? ? ???????????, ?? ? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????: d? i > 0 (????????); d? i = 0 (??????????); d? i <0 (?????????).\par
()\textbf{23}\par
??? ???? ? ???? ?????????????? ????? ?????????, ????? «????????» ? ????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????????, ?????? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? \hyperref[b48]{[44,}\hyperref[b49]{45]}  ??????? Q ? ??????????? ? ??????? ??????????????? ? ???????????? ? ???????????:T = (? i ? i /T i )/? i ? i ,\textbf{(25)}U'= U ? /?;Q' = Q?; ?' = ??,\textbf{(26)}\par
??? Q?, ????????? ? ??????????? ? ??????? ???????, ?????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?? ????????? v; ? = (1 -v 2 /c 2 ) ½????????? ???????;????????? ????? ? ???????. ? ? ? ???????? ? ? ?? ? ??? ? ??????, ??? ??Ð?" ??????????????? ????? ???? ???????????? ??????????:? t K ? W ? ?/Q? ? = 1 -? 2 /? 1 ?. (\textbf{27})\par
????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ?. ????????? ? ?? ? ???? ?? ???????? ????????, ???? ? 1963 ?. ?. ??? \hyperref[b52]{[48]}  ? t K (???) = 1 -? 2 ?/? 1 .\textbf{(28)}\par
?????? ? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?. ???? ?????? ?. ??????? \hyperref[b53]{[49]}   \begin{figure}[htbp]
\noindent\textbf{} \par 
\begin{longtable}{P{0.7919555095706156\textwidth}P{0.005716502845318158\textwidth}P{0.0013191929643041904\textwidth}P{0.008354888773926539\textwidth}P{0.006595964821520951\textwidth}P{0.033419555095706155\textwidth}P{0.0026383859286083808\textwidth}}
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\multicolumn{6}{l}{??????????????????? ?????????? Î?" ? i ? ??????????}\\
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\multicolumn{6}{l}{????????? ??????? ???? ????? ??, ??????? ? ??????}\\
\multicolumn{6}{l}{???????? =30 ?, ???? ?????????????? ?????????}\\
\multicolumn{6}{l}{????? ? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ? g =}\\
\multicolumn{6}{l}{?gH, ? ??? ?????????? ???????? ? 1 ??????????? ?? ?????? ????? ? ???????? R?6 ?10 6 ?.????? ??}\\
\multicolumn{6}{l}{«??????????» ??Ð?" ???????? ???????? ? ?5?10 -6 . ????? ???????, ?? ????? ?????? ?? g = ??/ ? 1}\\
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\multicolumn{2}{l}{«??????????????»}\tabcellsep ?\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{?????????}\tabcellsep ?????????????\\
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\multicolumn{6}{l}{???????????? (20), ????????? ?????????? ????????}\\
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\multicolumn{6}{l}{???????? ? ??????????. ???? ??????? ? 1 , ?????????? ?}\\
\multicolumn{6}{l}{??????, ????? ????, ?? ???????? (20) ????? ????? ????}\\
\multicolumn{6}{l}{? ?????? ????? ?????? W ? (1-? ?????? ?????????????).}\\
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\multicolumn{6}{l}{? ?? ??????W ? . ??? ????????? ????? ???? ???????? ?}\\
\multicolumn{4}{l}{?? ????????????? ?????? [39].}\tabcellsep \\
\multicolumn{4}{l}{g) ???????????? ??????}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{«????????}\tabcellsep ??????\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{?????????»}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \\
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\multicolumn{6}{l}{???????? ?. ???????? ??????????? ?? ??????????}\\
\multicolumn{6}{l}{????????? ????????? ? ???, ??? ??????????? ??Ð?"}\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_6}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
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\begin{longtable}{P{0.6762222222222222\textwidth}P{0.013222222222222222\textwidth}P{0.01511111111111111\textwidth}P{0.012277777777777776\textwidth}P{0.03211111111111111\textwidth}P{0.03211111111111111\textwidth}P{0.06894444444444443\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep Year 2024\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep 55\\
\multicolumn{6}{l}{(23) ????? ??????, ??? ??? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ? ??? ??????, ????? d (? i -? i )/dt ?????????????????. ??? ?????????, ????????? ???? «????????? ???????-?????????????? ?????????», ????? ??????????????? ??? ?????????????? ????????? ??????????????? ?????? «???????? ? ?????? ??????????????????». ????????????? ???????? ?????}\tabcellsep Global Journal of Science Frontier Research ( A ) XXIV Issue I Version I\\
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\multicolumn{6}{l}{?????????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ??????????????}\\
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\multicolumn{4}{l}{???????????????? ??????????.}\tabcellsep \\
\tabcellsep ????\tabcellsep ???????\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{?????????}\tabcellsep ??????????\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{??????????????}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{?????????}\tabcellsep \tabcellsep ?????????????\\
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\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{© 2024 Global Journals}\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_9}}\end{figure}
 \begin{figure}[htbp]
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\begin{longtable}{P{0.16497993119266055\textwidth}P{0.0024369266055045873\textwidth}P{0.0009747706422018349\textwidth}P{0.0014621559633027524\textwidth}P{0.6338446100917431\textwidth}P{0.01876433486238532\textwidth}P{0.0224197247706422\textwidth}P{0.001705848623853211\textwidth}P{0.003411697247706422\textwidth}}
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{«????????» ??????? ? ??????????? ???????????}\\
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\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{(? 2 /? 1 > 1) [9]. ???? ????? ??? «????????????» ????????? ????????, ??? ??????????? ? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ?????????????, ???? ????? Q 2 ?????????? ?? «?????????» ?????????, ?}\tabcellsep Year 2024\\
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\multicolumn{4}{l}{??? T i -??????????? ?????-???? ????? ???????? ???????; ? i -??????? ???????????, ????????? ?????????????????? «???????? ?????????????». ??? ??????? ?? ????????? (23), ? ??? ?? «???????? ?????????????» ? i ????????? ????????, ???????? ?????????????, ?????????? ?? ???. ???????????, ? ? ?????? ?????????????? ????????? ????????????? ???? ????? ?? ? ????????????????? ?????????? ???????????.????? ???????, ???? ? ????}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{??????????????? (???), ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????? ?. ????????? (1905), ? ????, ????????????? ?? ?????????? ??????????????? ? ??????????????? ??? ????? Q 1 , ?????????? «????????» ?????????, ????? ???? ????? ??????????? ?????????? «?????????», ?? ? ??????????? ?????????????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? «?????????» ???? ??? ?????-???? ?????????? ????????? ? ?????? ????? ? ????????? 2-?? ?????? ?????????????. ??? ????? ?????????? «????????» ?? ?????? ??????? ????????????????? ??????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????????????, ?? ? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? 2-?? ? ???. ??? ????? ??, ??? ???? ? ????? ??? ???????? ?????????????? ?? ??????? ??????! ? ????? ????, ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ? ?????? ????????, ??? ??????? ????????? ??Ð?" () ?? ????????? ? ??????? ? <0. ?? ?????, ????????, ?????????? ???? ? ??? ??????, ?????????? ?? ???! ?????? «???????? ????»! ??? ?? ?????, ??????????? ?? «????????» ???????? ???????????? ??????? ????????? 2-?? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ????????? ? ????? ???????????????? ???? ? ?????? ?? ???. ??? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ????, ??? ?????????????? ????????????????? ? ?????????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ? ?????????????? ????????????? ? ??????????? ?????????????? ?? ?????????. l) ?????????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????}\tabcellsep Global Journal of Science Frontier Research ( A ) XXIV Issue I Version I\\
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\multicolumn{4}{l}{???????????? ??????? ????????? 2-?? ???? [46]. ???}\tabcellsep \multicolumn{2}{l}{?????????????, ? ?? ????? ??? ?????????? ??????? U,}\\
\tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep \tabcellsep © 2024 Global Journals\end{longtable} \par
 
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K ??????\tabcellsep ??????,\tabcellsep ???\tabcellsep ?\\
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\begin{longtable}{P{0.85\textwidth}}
. ?????? ? ??????? ?? ????????????? ? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ? ????????. ?? ???? ??? ????, ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????????, ? ??????????? ?????? ??????????, ????????? ? ?????????? ????????? ?? ????????????? ??????????? ? ???????? (1968) ? ?????????? (1969). ??? ????????? ?????????? ????? ???? ? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ? ????????? ?????????????, ??? ?. ??????? ?????? ? «??????????? ??????? ?????????????». ? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ? ?????????? ???????? ? ?????????????? ??????????????? ???????, ??????? ? ??????, ? ? ????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ???, ????? ????????? ????????????? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????. ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????????? ????? ???????? «?????????» ????????? ??????????????. Ð?"????????????? ???? ?? ????, ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ? ????????????.? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ????????????????? ??????? ???? «???????? ??? ?????». ????? ???, ??? ???? ???????? ????[20], ?????????????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ? ???????????? ??????, ?????????? ?????? ? ????????Q????????????? ??????? Î?"? ??? IV. ????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????? ? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????????. ? ????? ???????????? ????????????? ??????, ?? ? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ? ????????????? ????????????? ? ?? ??????? ? ??????? ???????????????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ? ?????????????? ?????? ? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????. ??? ???? ??????????? «???????? ????????????» ????????????? ? ??????? ????????????? ? ??????????????? ???????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ????????????????? ??????? ???????, ?????????? ????????????????? ??????????, ?????? ?????????????? ???? ?? ?????????, ?????? ?? ????????? ????????????? ?? ?????? ????????????? «?????» ? ?. ?.[50].\end{longtable} \par
 
\caption{\label{tab_13}}\end{figure}
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